@prefix dcterms: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix wdrs: . @prefix owl: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix gr: . @prefix xml: . @prefix vcard: . @prefix dc: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix pto: . @prefix schema: . # OWL DL work-arounds (instead of imports) dc:contributor a owl:AnnotationProperty. dc:creator a owl:AnnotationProperty. dc:rights a owl:AnnotationProperty. dc:subject a owl:AnnotationProperty. dc:title a owl:AnnotationProperty. dcterms:license a owl:AnnotationProperty. wdrs:describedby a owl:AnnotationProperty. foaf:Document a owl:Class. foaf:homepage a owl:AnnotationProperty. foaf:page a owl:AnnotationProperty. foaf:primaryTopic a owl:AnnotationProperty. schema:Product a owl:Class. #OWL 1 DL compatibility of the OWL2 deprecated property owl:deprecated a owl:AnnotationProperty. a owl:Ontology; dc:title "PTO: The Product Types Ontology for Semantic Web-based E-Commerce"@en; rdfs:comment """The Product Types Ontology: Good identifiers for product types based on Wikipedia This service provides GoodRelations-compatible class definitions for any type of product or service that has an entry in the English Wikipedia. Vocabulary: http://www.productontology.org/# Namespace: http://www.productontology.org/ The Product Types Ontology is designed to be used in combination with GoodRelations, a standard vocabulary for the commercial aspects of offers. See http://purl.org/goodrelations/ for more information."""@en; rdfs:label "The Product Types Ontology for Semantic Web-based E-Commerce"@en; dc:contributor "The class abstracts and translations of labels are taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."@en; dc:creator "Martin Hepp"@en; dc:rights "The class definition texts are taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Accordingly, all ontology class definitions provided in here are available under the very same license."@en; dc:subject "E-Commerce, E-Business, GoodRelations, Ontology, Wikipedia, DBPedia"@en; dcterms:license ; rdfs:seeAlso ; owl:imports ; owl:versionInfo "2026-07-31T11:09:34.961001". a foaf:Document; foaf:primaryTopic . a foaf:Document; foaf:primaryTopic . a foaf:Document; foaf:primaryTopic . a foaf:Document; foaf:primaryTopic . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf gr:ProductOrService, schema:Product; rdfs:label "Ion exchange"@en; rdfs:comment """ Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation of substances. Ion exchange usually describes a process of purification of aqueous solutions using solid polymeric ion-exchange resin. More precisely, the term encompasses a large variety of processes where ions are exchanged between two electrolytes. Aside from its use to purify drinking water, the technique is widely applied for purification and separation of a variety of industrially and medicinally important chemicals. Although the term usually refers to applications of synthetic (human-made) resins, it can include many other materials such as soil. Typical ion exchangers are ion-exchange resins (functionalized porous or gel polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus. Ion exchangers are either cation exchangers, which exchange positively charged ions (cations), or anion exchangers, which exchange negatively charged ions (anions). There are also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions is often performed in mixed beds, which contain a mixture of anion- and cation-exchange resins, or passing the solution through several different ion-exchange materials. Ion exchangers can have binding preferences for certain ions or classes of ions, depending on the physical properties and chemical structure of both the ion exchanger and ion. This can be dependent on the size, charge, or structure of the ions. Common examples of ions that can bind to ion exchangers are: * (hydron) and (hydroxide). * Singly charged monatomic (i.e., monovalent) ions like sodium|, potassium|, and chloride|. * Doubly charged monatomic (i.e., divalent) ions like calcium| and magnesium|. * Polyatomic inorganic ions like sulfate| and phosphate|. * Organic bases, usually molecules containing the functional group of ammonium, . * Organic acids, often molecules containing (carboxylate) functional groups. * Biomolecules that can be ionized: amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc. Along with absorption and adsorption, ion exchange is a form of sorption. Ion exchange is a reversible process, and the ion exchanger can be regenerated or loaded with desirable ions by washing with an excess of these ions. (Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange)"""@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "Ioonuitruiling"@af; rdfs:label "تبادل أيوني"@ar; rdfs:label "Іонны абмен"@be; rdfs:label "Bescanvi iònic"@ca; rdfs:label "Iontová výměna"@cs; rdfs:label "Ionenaustauscher"@de; rdfs:label "Intercambio iónico"@es; rdfs:label "Ioonreaktsioon"@et; rdfs:label "تبادل یونی"@fa; rdfs:label "Ioninvaihto"@fi; rdfs:seeAlso , , ; wdrs:describedby , ; foaf:homepage ; foaf:page .